Barn Swallows are perhaps the most recognizable swallows in Oregon, thanks to their distinctive deeply forked tails and close association with human structures. While both sexes share the iconic features, there are subtle but noticeable differences in plumage and tail length that can help distinguish males from females.

General Appearance (Both Sexes):
Size and Shape: Medium-sized swallows, typically 5.9-7.5 inches (15-19 cm) long, with long, pointed wings. Their most defining feature is their deeply forked, "swallowtail" tail with long outer streamers.
Color Pattern: They have steely iridescent blue-black upperparts (head, back, wings, and tail). Their forehead and throat are a rich cinnamon to rufous color, which fades into a paler, rusty, or tawny orange on the belly. They also have a thin, often incomplete, blue breast band. White spots are visible on the inner webs of the tail feathers, especially in flight.
Flight: Extremely agile and graceful fliers, often seen skimming low over fields, water, and open areas as they snatch insects in mid-air. Their flight is fluid and flowing.
Habitat: Common and abundant throughout Oregon, especially in agricultural areas, rural settings, and even suburban environments where open areas are available. They are strongly associated with human-made structures, nesting almost exclusively in barns, sheds, under bridges, or on other protected ledges.

Male Barn Swallows:
Tail Length: The most reliable visual characteristic to distinguish males is their longer, more deeply forked outer tail streamers. These streamers are noticeably longer and often appear more elegant than those of the female. This is a key indicator, especially during the breeding season.
Plumage Color: Males typically exhibit bolder, richer, and more intense rufous or chestnut coloration on their underparts (throat, breast, and belly). The blue on their upperparts tends to be a deeper, more vibrant steely blue.
Display: Males often display their long tails during courtship flights, a key element in mate selection by females.

Female Barn Swallows:
Tail Length: Females have a forked tail, but their outer tail streamers are noticeably shorter and less deeply forked than those of the male.
Plumage Color: Females generally have paler, duller, and more buffy or washed-out rufous/cinnamon underparts. The blue on their upperparts may also appear slightly less vibrant or more grayish-blue compared to the male.
Breast Band: While both sexes have a breast band, it can sometimes be less distinct or complete in females.

Key Differences to Look For in Oregon:
1. Tail Fork/Streamer Length: This is the most consistent and often easiest way to differentiate them in the field. Males have distinctly longer and more pronounced tail streamers.
2. Underpart Color Intensity: Males typically show a richer, deeper orange-rufous on their belly, while females are usually paler and more buffy.
3. Overall Iridescence: The blue on the male's back and head can appear more intense and glossy.